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Investigadores del Área de Lácteos del Instituto Tecnológico Agroalimentario de Extremadura (Intaex) han puesto en marcha una "novedosa línea" de investigación orientada a la búsqueda de nuevas estrategias de control de los microorganismos contaminantes presentes en la leche cruda destinada a la elaboración de quesos tradicionales o artesanos.
Se trata de poner cerco a uno de los principales problemas que rodean al sector, y que puede afectar a la calidad final del producto, mediante el estudio de la potencialidad de la terapia fágica en el control de la bacteria Escherichia coli.
Esta nueva técnica consiste básicamente en utilizar inhibidores biológicos específicos para el control de bacterias alterantes de la producción quesera, principalmente E. Coli. De esta manera, no se inactivan enzimas relevantes tanto en la producción como en la transformación y maduración del queso, ni elimina de forma indiscriminada otros microorganismos beneficiosos, entre los que se encuentra la flora láctica natural de la leche.
Esto supone una ventaja con respecto a otras técnicas tradicionales como es el caso de la pasterización, en la que sí se destruyen otras bacterias, incluyendo aquéllas que son necesarias para la fermentación. Además la aplicación de la terapia fágica implica la reducción o eliminación de la hinchazón en quesos de leche cruda y sus consecuencias sobre la calidad del queso, según ha informado la Junta en nota de prensa.
Otros potenciales beneficios del desarrollo y adaptación de esta terapia al sector lácteo extremeño pueden ser el incremento de la calidad higiénica en la producción de leche de oveja y cabra, o la mejora del estado sanitario del ganado, mediante la reducción de la incidencia de mastitis.
Este subproyecto, denominado 'Biocontrol de Escherichia coli en quesos de leche cruda y en ubres de rumiantes mediante el uso de bacteriófagos', está cofinanciado por el Gobierno de Extremadura y el fondo FEDER, y forma parte de un proyecto mayor cuyo título es 'Biocontrol de bacterias en procesos de fermentación láctea: Protección de la actividad de cultivos iniciadores y reducción de interferencias microbianas'.
En él además se estudiará el control de la bacteria E. Coli en fuentes de contaminación como las ubres a través de alguna solución tópica más específica que los antibióticos y menos agresiva para el animal, tal y como explica el coordinador del trabajo, Rafael Tabla.
