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O rebanho bubalino mundial apresentou crescimento numérico de 50% nos últimos 28 anos. Este crescimento foi seguido de aumento de 200% na produção de leite, que atinge na atualidade 57 bilhões de litros de leite/ano (10% do leite produzido no mundo; FAO, 1999). No Brasil, a população bubalina, de aproximadamente 2,5 milhões de animais apresentou, nos últimos 10 anos, crescimento anual de 12% (Mattos, 1992).
Levantamentos realizados recentemente pela FAO (1999) também confirmam o crescimento do rebanho bubalino brasileiro, verificando aumento de 1.340% entre os anos de 1970 e 1998. Este crescimento demonstra as possibilidades futuras da bubalinocultura como atividade emergente no Brasil e no mundo.
Desta forma, o búfalo poderá produzir cada vez mais carne e leite para suprir as necessidades do mercado nacional e internacional, propiciando grande contribuição para o atendimento da demanda alimentar.
Além do expressivo crescimento, pesquisas realizadas por diversos grupos demonstraram que os bubalinos apresentam grande produtividade e capacidade de adaptação às condições brasileiras (Nogueira et al., 1989b; Baruselli et al., 1993; Oliveira et al., 1994; Villares, 1994). A exploração zootécnica de bubalinos caracteriza-se por apresentar boa eficiência reprodutiva e rápido desenvolvimento ponderal (Villares et al., 1979; Nogueira et al., 1989a).
No entanto, existe um reduzido número de búfalos selecionados zootecnicamente para produção de leite e de carne em nosso país. O Brasil possui búfalas que produzem 5.200 litros de leite por lactação, assim como animais comprovadamente ganhadores de peso. Este potencial genético deve ser multiplicado mais rapidamente por biotecnologias como a inseminação artificial e a transferência de embriões. Desta maneira, podem-se aumentar o rigor e a velocidade de seleção, empregando-se animais de alto valor genético-produtivo, para reduzir o intervalo entre gerações.
Entretanto, na atualidade existem limitadas informações sobre o emprego de biotécnicas da reprodução na espécie bubalina Esses conhecimentos básicos servem para a melhor compreensão da fisiologia reprodutiva da espécie, possibilitando a orientação e a melhoria da eficiência de técnicas como a sincronização do cio e da ovulação, a inseminação artificial e a superovulação e transferência de embriões.
O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar os resultados de pesquisa de nossa equipe e discuti-los com os conhecimentos existentes na literatura, objetivando a aplicação prática de biotecnologias da reprodução em rebanhos de bubalinos.
